Quick Punctuation Table
Apostrophes in contractions

In possessives
They mark where letters are missing BUT avoid contractions in clear writing.

A singular noun - add apostrophe and “s” Ex: Tony’s book

A singular noun ending in “s” - add apostrophe and “s” Ex: Lois’s father

A plural noun ending in “s” – add only the apostrophe. Ex: All of the students’ parents
Colons

Semi-colons
Use after an independent clause (one that can stand alone) to introduce a list or explanation.

Use to join two independent clauses of a compound sentence instead of a conjunction (but, and, or). It is better to make two sentences.
Commas Use commas to separate
  • a word or phrase that comes between the subject and verb or verb and object
  • items on a list
Quotation marks Use to indicate someone else’s words. The period falls INSIDE the quotation marks.

Use to single out a particular word or phrase that is used out of context, such as a casual expression. The period is OUTSIDE the quotation marks.

When you must use quotation marks within quotation marks, the inside quotation marks are single.

Use to indicate the title of a short story, play, or chapter of a book. The title of a book or film is put in italics or underlined.